Credit guide·Pillar II: Credit

The 620–760 gap is worth $103,000.That’s not a typo.

On a $300,000 mortgage, the difference between a 620 credit score and a 760 translates to roughly $286/month in rate difference. Over 30 years, that’s $103,000. Your credit score isn’t a barrier — it’s a pricing lever.

Minimum scores by loan type

Your score determines which doors open.

These are the program minimums. Banks add overlays — their own higher requirements on top. The minimum gets you in. The target gets you the rate you’ll like.

FHA
580
Target: 640+

3.5% down at 580+. 500–579 requires 10% down. Lender overlays often push real minimums to 620–640.

Conventional
620
Target: 740+

620 gets you in the door. Every tier above 620 improves your rate. 740+ unlocks the best pricing available.

VA
Flexible
Target: 620+

No official VA minimum — lenders set their own. Most require 580–620. 740+ gets you the best VA rates.

USDA
620
Target: 660+

640 is the typical lender minimum. Below that, manual underwriting may be required.

Score vs. rate vs. cost

$300K mortgage. The real numbers.

These are approximate examples. Actual rates vary by market, lender, and loan terms — but the relationships between score tiers are consistent. The gap is real.

Score rangeRate (approx.)Monthly paymentExtra vs. 760+
620 – 639~7.25%$2,040+$430/mo vs. 760+
640 – 659~7.0%$1,996+$386/mo vs. 760+
660 – 679~6.5%$1,896+$286/mo vs. 760+
680 – 699~6.25%$1,847+$237/mo vs. 760+
700 – 759~5.75%$1,750+$140/mo vs. 760+
760+~5.0%$1,610Best available rate

The 620-to-760 gap at a $300K loan: $286/month. Over 30 years: $102,960. Every 20 points you improve your score before applying saves real money.

Improvement strategies

40–80 points in 90 daysis realistic.

Not for everyone — and not always. But credit scores respond faster to strategic action than most people think. Here are the moves with the most leverage.

30 days

Pay utilization below 30%

20–50 point boost

Credit utilization is 30% of your score — and it updates monthly. Pay down revolving balances to under 30% of each card’s limit before applying.

30 days

Dispute errors on your report

Varies

1 in 5 credit reports has errors. Request your free report at AnnualCreditReport.com. Dispute inaccurate late payments, wrong balances, or accounts that aren’t yours.

30–90 days

Add as an authorized user

10–50 points

A family member with a long, clean credit history adds you to their card. Their history appears on your report. You don’t need to use the card — you just need to be on it.

60–90 days

Ask for a credit limit increase

10–30 points

More available credit = lower utilization ratio. Request increases on existing cards — especially if you’ve been a good customer. Most requests are approved with no hard pull.

3–6 months

Set up autopay

Prevents drops

Payment history is 35% of your score. One 30-day late payment can drop your score 50–100 points. Autopay for minimums ensures you never accidentally miss.

Ongoing

Don’t open new accounts

Prevents drops

New credit applications create hard inquiries and lower your average account age. In the 3–6 months before applying for a mortgage, go dark on new credit.

How your score is calculated

Five factors. Two matter most.

35%

Payment history

On-time vs. late payments. The biggest factor. One 30-day late can drop your score significantly.

30%

Credit utilization

Balances ÷ limits. Under 30% is good. Under 10% is better. Paying down debt is the fastest lever.

15%

Length of history

How long your accounts have been open. Older is better. Don’t close old accounts — even if unused.

10%

Credit mix

Having both revolving (cards) and installment (loans) credit. A mortgage is the best installment account you can add.

10%

New credit

Recent hard inquiries and new accounts. Opening new credit right before applying hurts. Give it 6 months to settle.

Payment history (35%) + credit utilization (30%) = 65% of your score. Pay on time and keep balances under 30% of your limits — those two habits cover most of what the model cares about.

The credit pull myth

Shopping 5 lenders in 2 weeks counts as one inquiry.

The system literally wants you to rate shop. During a 14–45 day window, multiple mortgage applications from different lenders are treated as a single inquiry. A single hard pull drops your score 3–5 points — and it recovers within months. The fear of applying to multiple lenders is costing people money they don’t have to spend.

Soft pull — zero impact

Pre-qualification checks, rate quotes without a full application, credit monitoring — none of these affect your score.

Single hard pull — 3–5 points

A full mortgage application drops your score 3–5 points. It starts recovering within months and is fully gone in under a year.

Rate shopping window — 14 to 45 days

Multiple mortgage applications in a 14–45 day window count as a single inquiry. Shop 5 lenders. The system won’t punish you for comparing.

Past credit events

Bad credit isn’t permanent. It has a timeline.

Bankruptcies, foreclosures, and collections all have defined waiting periods before you can qualify for a mortgage. These are real timelines — not “maybe someday.”

Chapter 7 bankruptcy
2–4 years

FHA: 2 years. Conventional: 4 years from discharge. Rebuilding credit during the waiting period matters.

Chapter 13 bankruptcy
1–2 years

FHA: 1 year of repayment with court approval. Conventional: 2 years from discharge.

Foreclosure
3–7 years

FHA: 3 years. Conventional: 7 years (3 with extenuating circumstances). Deed-in-lieu is treated similarly.

Short sale
2–4 years

FHA: 3 years. Conventional: 4 years (2 with extenuating circumstances). Less severe than foreclosure.

Collections
Case by case

Medical collections treated differently than other types. FHA has more flexibility. Paid vs. unpaid matters. Talk to a loan officer.

Late payments
12–24 months

Most programs want 12 months of clean payment history after the last derogatory. Recent lates hurt more than old ones.

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